Saint
Although Patrick is commonly called Saint, he described himself as a sinner. Although Patrick is the Patron Saint of the Irish, he was not actually born in Ireland, but in Britain. It may also surprise people to know that Patrick was never canonized by the Roman Catholic church, but has been considered the Patron Saint of Ireland as a result of popular devotion and long-standing tradition.
 
On the last Sunday of every July, up to 30,000 pilgrims pass Saint Patrick’s statue and climb to the top of Croagh Patrick, commemorating Patrick’s 40 day fast on that 2,710 foot summit.  17 March is celebrated as St. Patrick’s Day worldwide.
 
The greatest legacy of Patrick was the tremendous spiritual movement he launched in Ireland and his followers who sent out missionaries to evangelise not only the rest of the British Isles, but much of the continent of Europe.
 
“In mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God, …I have fully preached the Gospel of Christ.  And so I have made it my aim to preach the Gospel, not where Christ was named, lest I should build on another man’s foundation.” Romans 15:19 – 20
 
Dr. Peter Hammond
The Reformation Society

Email: mission@frontline.org.za
Website: www.ReformationSA.org
​

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12 May is International Nurses Day.
It is also the birthday of the most famous and influential nurse, Florence Nightingale.
Few people realise the enormous debt which the whole world owes to Florence Nightingale. This courageous Reformer transformed hospitals and pioneered the modern nursing profession. No other person in history has done more to alleviate suffering and establish so high a standing of health care for the sick. 

The Degraded State
Before Florence Nightingale the condition of hospitals and the nursing profession was in a degraded state. Hospitals were dirty and over-crowded. Antiseptics were unknown. Scarcely any facilities for the training of nurses existed, and their pay was less than that for a common labourer in the field. Nurses were drawn from the “undesirable sections” of society and were commonly regarded as “vulgar”, “uneducated”, “unclean” and were notorious for their drunkenness and immorality. ​​

Florence
Florence Nightingale was named after the town in Italy where she was born on 12 May 1820. Until that time, Florence was always understood to be a man’s name, but through her parent’s tendency to name their children after their town of birth, Florence has become an honoured woman’s name. 

​Home Education
Florence’s parents were wealthy and well-connected. Florence was highly educated. A governess taught her music and art, and her father, William, taught her Greek, Latin, German, French, Italian, grammar, history, mathematics and philosophy. Florence loved books and immersed herself in her studies. She felt alienated from those around her and was profoundly dissatisfied with “the emptiness” of her existence. She was distressed at the pettiness of social life. She developed a passion for neatness and accuracy. Visitors described her as: “Stubborn”, “Strong willed”, “very intelligent,” and “Extraordinary!”​

Called
On 7 February 1837, just before she turned 17 years old, Florence wrote: “God spoke to me and called me to His service.” Florence travelled widely throughout Europe and even to Egypt. She was well aware of the misery of the poor. She became convinced that God had called her to reform the nursing profession and devote her life to the alleviation of suffering for the sick. Her parents were horrified and expressly forbade her to pursue such a degrading occupation. So Florence carried on her investigations, studies and correspondence concerning Hygiene, Sanitation and Nursing in secret. 

Intelligence and Intergrity
In her 20’s, Florence was described as: “Tall, slender, elegant and very straight, her hair of a rich brown, her complexion delicate, her grey eyes pensive, yet ready to light into mirth with a smile the sweetest and most winning.” Her personal charm, intelligence, wide reading and sincerity attracted many friendships and marriage prospects - which she spurned.
 
Seeking First God’s Kingdom
At the age of 30, Florence wrote: “I am 30, the age at which Christ began His mission. Now, no more childish things, no more vain things, no more love, no more marriage. Now Lord, let me think only of Thy Will.” ​​

Overcoming Obstructionism
Apparently unconcerned by the controversies and furore surrounding her, Florence continued her work of cleaning up the shambles she had found. Those of her helpers who would not submit to the strict discipline, or endure the necessary privations, were promptly sent home. Official obstructionism impeded her efforts at every step, but she overcame all opposition with her persistence and determination. As Florence wrote: “I have no compassion for men who would rather see hundreds of lives lost than waive one scruple of the official rules.” 

​Organisation
She organised staff, oversaw purchases, set up housekeeping, ordered furniture, supplied clothing, supervised daily routines, working an average of 20 hours every day, performing the duties of cook, housekeeper, washerwoman, general dealer and storekeeper along with scavenger and nurse. Florence began and ended each hospital day routine with prayers. She also provided reading rooms and library books for the patients.
 
Personal Care
It was her custom before retiring to make a last tour of the wards. Her tall slender figure in nurse’s uniform, rich brown hair covered by a white cap, passing, lamp in hand, down the long isles between the rows of beds, bestowing comfort on the wounded seemed like an angel to the hundreds of wounded and sick soldiers. ​

Battlefront Reforms
Florence visited the battlefront to set in place further reforms. Hospital mortality (the death rate of patients) before she took over the care of war-wounded in the Crimea was as high as 42%. Soon Florence brought hospital mortality down to only 2%,
 
Saving Lives
As Dr. Benjamin Jarved of Oxford declared: “Nobody knows how many lives are saved by your nurses in hospitals, how many thousands of soldiers who would have fallen victim to bad air, bad drainage, and ventilation are alive owing to your forethought and diligence.”
 
Fever
Towards the end of the war, Florence succumbed to a severe fever, which could have easily taken her life. She recovered, but her health was so damaged that she would never be the same again. ​

Worldwide Impact
Florence Nightingale’s writings on hospital planning and organisation had a profound impact on health care worldwide. Her far-sighted reforms saved innumerable lives and established nursing as a respectable profession.
 
A Most Productive Life
After a most productive life, at age 90, Florence Nightingale died on 13 August 1910. Over 1,000 nurses and many veterans of the Crimean War attended her funeral service at St. Paul’s in London. Lord Stanley delivered this eulogy: “I know of no person besides Miss Nightingale who, within the past 100 years…has voluntarily encountered dangers so imminent, and undertaken offices so repulsive, working for a large and worthy object, in a pure spirit of duty towards God and compassion for man.”
 
“Then the King will say to those on His right hand, ‘Come, you blessed of My Father, inherit the Kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: for I was hungry and you gave Me food; I was thirsty and you gave Me drink; I was a stranger and you took Me in; I was naked and you clothed Me; I was sick and you visited Me; I was in prison and you came to Me.... Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these My brethren, you did it to Me.’” Matthew 25: 34-40
 
Dr. Peter Hammond
Frontline Fellowship
PO Box 74 | Newlands | 7725 | Cape Town | South Africa 
Tel: +27 21 689 4480
 
Victorious Christians - Who Changed the World, will inspire a new generation of dedicated Christians with the incredible examples of excellence provided by 32 of the most courageous and effective Christians in history and includes: 32 Character studies with 250 pictures. The 380-page book includes: 10 Reformers, 6 Martyrs, 6 Missionaries, 4 Evangelists, 4 Professors, 3 Soldiers, 2 Musicians, 2 Kings, an Artist, an Inventor, a Historian and a Queen. This book provides fascinating insights to virtually every age of Church history by focusing on Christian characters, their courage and convictions in times of crisis. Lavishly illustrated, this book can be used for recreational reading by those who enjoy reading Biographies, or as a treasure trove of illustrations and examples for pastors, teachers and homeschoolers. An audio CD of this message and the book Victorious Christians – Who Changed the World are available from Christian Liberty Books: P.O. Box 358, Howard Place 7450, Cape Town, South Africa, email: admin@christianlibertybooks.co.za and website: www.christianlibertybooks.co.za.
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When Philipp Melanchthon delivered his first lecture at the University of Wittenberg, in 1518, Dr. Martin Luther was impressed. 

​Melanchthon was the new Professor of Greek, and although he stuttered during his presentation, his call for theologians to go “back to the sources, back to the Holy Scriptures” echoed the convictions of Luther's heart.

Missionary Endeavours in Europe
After much frustration, and failure to obtain the authorisation of the Dutch Reformed Church, Schmidt ministered throughout Moravia, Silecia and Bohemia. He died on his knees in prayer, in 1785, at the age of 76, after a most productive life of energetic Evangelism.

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​Atheism was the official doctrine of the Soviet Union. Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, Communist authorities vigorously enforced the ideology of Marxism/Leninism and violently persecuted Christianity.
 
The Gulag Archipelago
Over 49,000 churches were destroyed and over 66 million people died in the massacres, man-made famines and in the over 1,800 communist concentration camps, which Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn described as the Gulag Archipelago.
 
Aggressive Atheism
The Soviet Union was committed to the complete annihilation of all religious institutions and ideas. Militant atheism was central to the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The state established atheism as their only "scientific truth". Any criticism of atheism, or of the state's anti-religious policies, was forbidden and could lead to forced retirement, arrest and imprisonment.

Everyday Saints Bestseller
The Archimandrite Tikhom, head of Sretensky Monastery, is the author of Everyday Saints, a 600-page book which gives the testimony of his journey from Marxist atheism to Christianity. Over 1.5 million copies of this book have been sold in Russia and millions more in other languages worldwide. Tikhom is a man that President Vladimir Putin turns to for counsel.
 
Family Conference
With the Russian government hosting an International Conference on Family and Christian values, appointing chaplains in the military, printing Bibles for hotels and attending services in the cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the failure of the atheist experiment in Russia is complete. 70 Years of atheist propaganda and violent communist persecution failed to exterminate the vibrant Christian Faith of the Russian people.
 
"On this Rock I will build My Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Matthew 16:18
 
Dr. Peter Hammond
Frontline Fellowship
P.O. Box 74 Newlands 7725
Cape Town South Africa
Tel: 021-689-4480
Fax: 086-494-8070
Email: mission@frontline.org.za
Website: www.frontlinemissionsa.org
​

Shortly after Martin Luther was born, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Grenada, fell, and the liberation of the Iberian Peninsula was complete.  Then Christopher Columbus, sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean, discovered the Americas, the New World.  While South Western Europe was celebrating its freedom after 8 centuries of oppression and occupation under Islam, South Eastern Europe was facing the relentless onslaughts of invasion by the Turks.  Since the fall of the greatest city in the world at that time, Constantinople, to the Turks, in 1453,with the massacre of all the Christians in that city, the Turks had been an ever-present threat to Christendom, as Europe was then known.
 
THE RENAISSANCE
​Threatened from the East by a relentless Islamic Jihad, Europe was suffering from the internal corruption of the Renaissance.  The Renaissance was a time of material advance and spiritual decline.  It led to the rise of absolutism and the loss of the individual rights and representative governments which Christian principles had developed throughout the Middle Ages.  Renaissance rulers, eptomised by Machiavelli, rationalized despotism.  Machiavelli advised rulers to be careful to maintain public relations through patronage of the arts and conspicuous charities, in order to create popularity, and to mask their hold on power. ​

A RETURN TO PAGANISM
Although Ancient Rome had practiced human sacrifices, slavery, infanticide, persecuted Christians and fed martyrs to wild beasts, Renaissance scholars began to hail the pagans as wiser and their times as superior to the Christian.  This Renaissance trend to turn towards the graves of Rome and Greece was not progress but a regression to a pagan past, a rejection of the Christian faith. 

While Renaissance Italians revived the pagan writings and customs of Ancient Greece and Rome, and unearthed their statues, paintings and plays, immorality flourished and degeneracy accelerated.  Along with the physical and intellectual exhumations, the ancient intellectual and spiritual diseases that had led both Rome and Greece to self-destruction came to infect life in Europe. 
 
Literature became shallow and imitative.  Absurd ancient theories about “Humors” were resuscitated at the expense of medical research.  Everyone’s municipal freedoms and individual rights were lost as Humanists extolled the tyrannical Roman laws, which tyrants were quick to adopt. 
 
The impact of glorifying a licentious past was absolutely devastating upon the morals and behaviour of Southern Europe.  The despairing conclusion of Renaissance Humanism was that life is meaningless.  To escape from this intellectual cul-de-sac, many began to plunge into the blind fortune of astrology and magic.  Many people who had lost their belief in sin, and in rejecting the idea of eternal life, desperately sought for earthly fame and fortune. 
 
Paganism deepened as the Renaissance extended.  From the 14th to the 16th Centuries, many cities in Southern Europe appointed official astrologers.  Universities had official stargazers.  Even Popes relied on Horoscopes.
 
CORRUPTION CHALLENGED
With almost any position in the Catholic church open to the highest bidder, church positions became dominated by corrupt, money-grabbing Humanists who ruthlessly persecuted genuine believers. 
Martin Luther, a brilliant lawyer and theologian visited Rome in 1510.  Luther was shocked at the corruption and degeneracy of Rome: “Everything is permitted in Rome, except to be an honest man.”
 
To finance the Pope’s extravagant living and the construction of St. Peter’s Cathedral, the Catholic church was selling “dispensations” that allowed purchasers to break Church rules, to eat meat on fast days, to marry a close relative, to commit adultery and so on.  In addition, the Catholic church sold “indulgences”, which could only be cashed in Heaven - to which they claimed to hold the keys.  These Heavenly credits could be balanced against one’s sins committed on earth.
 
These earthly and spiritual pardons were being sold by a Dominican monk, John Tetzel, in Saxony, when Dr. Martin Luther, now a professor at Wittenburg University, wrote 95 Theses in protest.  Luther argued that only God could forgive sins, it was better to help the poor than to buy indulgences, and truly repentant people do not desire to avoid punishment, but rather seek it.
 
Luther’s challenge was in Latin, but some enterprising printer translated it into German and began to print and sell copies of it.  Soon the 95 Theses were available in French, Spanish, Flemish, Dutch, and Italian.  Soon Luther’s dramatic challenge against the unBiblical corruption of indulgences was being read in the market places and palaces of Europe.  Even the Pope was handed a copy to read.
 
LUTHER TAKES ON THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Between 1517 and 1520, 300,000 copies of Luther’s writings were sold throughout Europe.  It was the first time in history that a revolutionary idea had impacted a continent through a mass medium.  Translators, printers, journalists and itinerant salesmen worked together to challenge the entire social and ecclesiastical system of the Catholic church and the Holy Roman Empire. 

At about the same time that Cortez was entering Mexico, and encountering Montezuma and the bloodthirsty Aztec Empire, Luther was challenging the Holy Roman Empire in Europe.
 
In 1520, the Pope issued Luther with a Bull – an ultimatum to submit and recant or be excommunicated.  Luther’s response was to burn the Papal bull in public, and then to write three booklets challenging foundational teachings of the Pope.  Luther’s booklets: “An Appeal To the Christian Nobility”; “The Babylonian Captivity of the Church,” and “The Freedom of a Christian” created a sensation.  Printing presses ran around the clock, turning out new editions.  Luther rejected the right of the Vatican to interfere with the princes.  He also recommended a national church and the expulsion of all papal representatives. 
 
He taught that faith alone, and not good works, makes man righteous.  Good works follow from faith. “The tree bears fruit, the fruit does not bear the tree.”  Luther taught that we could not only receive forgiveness for our sins, but victory over the power of sin, over our own carnal nature, by God’s grace alone.  By the end of 1520, Luther was proclaiming the Pope “Anti-Christ”. 
 
Excommunicated by the Pope, all that stood between Luther and death at the hands of the Emperor was the protection of the Elector of Saxony.  Prince Fredrick was reported to have said: “There is much in the Bible about Christ, but not much about Rome.” 
 
Prince Fredrick of Saxony was one of the most senior and influential electors in Germany.  He had been a serious contender for the position of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.  Charles V was Emperor of Germany, King of Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Netherlands.  His ships were sailing around the globe, his vast armies dominated all of Europe.  However, Charles V, could not ignore the authority of Prince Fredrick, because Germany was still largely feudal and the Emperor’s power was not absolute.  The German people still enjoyed many of the rights and powers, which the Renaissance had elsewhere swept away.  Only recently crowned Emperor, and just 21 years old, Charles V had to be seen to respect the authority of the Electors who had only just crowned him.  Prince Fredrick extracted a guarantee of safe conduct for Luther from the Emperor.
 
CAPTIVE TO THE WORD OF GOD
Summoned to Worms, on 18 April 1521, Martin Luther stood firm before the Emperor, 6 Princes, 24 Dukes, 30 Archbishops and Bishops and 7 Ambassadors.  The young Emperor sat on a raised dais, surrounded by men in gleaming armour, mitered Archbishops and splendidly dressed nobles.  

Luther was denied any opportunity to debate or defend his doctrines.  He was asked two questions, First: to confirm that the publications on the table were his, and the second: whether he would recant, admit that his writings were all heretical, and reject them. 
 
Confirming that the books, booklets and leaflets were his writings, Luther pointed out that they were of different types, including basic Christian doctrine, which were accepted Christian truths – he could not recant Scriptural truth.  Other of his works exposed the corrupt living, scandalous abuses and evils of the popes.  If he were to reject these writings he would be as a “cloak that covers evil.”  At this, the Emperor leaned forward and shouted: “No!” Luther continued that other of his works were against private individuals who had attacked his work and attempted to defend popery.  He confessed that, in these, he had written too harshly. 
 
The court demanded that Luther recant all his writings.  Pressed again, in Latin, if he would recant, Luther answered in German: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture or clear reasoning that I am in error – for Popes and Councils have often erred and contradicted themselves – I cannot recant, for I am subject to the Scriptures I have quoted; my conscience is captive to the Word of God.  It is unsafe and dangerous to do anything against one’s conscience.  Here I stand.  I cannot do otherwise.  So help me God.  Amen.”
 
Luther’s courageous and historic speech before the assembled might and authority of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic church shook the world. 
 
OUTLAW
Furious, Charles V wanted Luther burned as a heretic.  Prince Fredrick insisted that he honour his guarantee of safe conduct.  Luther was allowed to leave, but the Emperor, and four Electors, signed a statement declaring Luther an outlaw.  Prince Fredrick of Saxony, and the Elector of the Palatinate, refused to sign.  

KIDNAPPED
While frantic efforts were made to arrest Luther, Prince Fredrick secretly arranged for his kidnapping and spiriting away to be hidden as Jonker Jorg (Knight George) in the Wartburg Castle. 

There, in disguise, in seclusion, Luther began a Bible translation Blitzkrieg and by the next year, 1522, the German New Testament was on sale for only a week’s wages.
 
REVOLUTION
Back in Wittenburg, Luther’s colleagues, Philipp Melancthon (a 21 year old professor of Greek) and Andreas Bodenstein Carlstadt (a 30 year old professor of Philosophy and Theology) continued the work of Reformation in Luther’s absence.  Carlstadt took Luther’s intellectual rebellion and turned it into a religious revolution.  He whipped up the crowds to destroy statues, shrines and all religious artifacts as idols that needed to be destroyed.  

When Luther heard of this, he was shocked.  Luther taught that people should not take the law into their own hands.  Everything should be done decently and in order.  And eliminating idolatry in our hearts comes before eradicating images in the churches.
 
THE PROBLEM WITH IMAGES
Images were a central means of communicating basic Gospel truths in the Middle Ages.  As very few of the population could read and write, Bible stories were depicted through stain glass windows, statues and pictures.  During the Middle Ages, it began to be accepted that Christians would not only learn the faith through these visual representations, but should also express the faith through reverencing these.  An entire devotional system was developed, and an industry involving carpenters, painters, goldsmiths, silversmiths and other artisans built their livelihoods around providing images for the church.  The Reformation, with its rejection of such idolatry, posed an economic threat to many of these people.  

THE REFORMATION SPREADS
Luther was far and away the most popular author in Europe.  His writings outsold all others in Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Germany.
 
Priests and nuns poured from the church and rushed towards marriage.    Princes were converted to the Reformation.  The new Pope, Adrian VI, elected in 1521 upon the death of Leo X, demanded Luther’s arrest.  The Prince of Saxony refused to co-operate. 
 
THE PESANTS  REVOLT
Radical opportunists, such as Thomas Munzer, used this intellectual and spiritual upheaval to try to launch a political revolution.  By the end of 1524, 30,000 armed pesants had risen up and began looting castles and monasteries, pillaging churches, kidnapping nobles, demanding ransoms and committing widespread arson and mass murder. 

Horrified, Luther issued a pamphlet in 1524: “Against The Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Pesants.”  He not only disassociated from these bandits and revolutionaries, but he applied Biblical principles as to the duty of the princes to use the sword to protect the law abiding, and to punish the lawbreakers.  The princes responded decisively against this anarchy and lawlessness.  Munzer and 5,000 of his followers were wiped out by the knights.  Another 20,000 rebellious pesants were killed in Alsace. 
 
The greatest loss of life during this pesant’s rebellion occurred in Austria.  Charles V’s younger brother, Ferdinand, crushed the rebellion - with 130,000 pesants being killed in battle, or by execution.  The pesant’s revolt had been disastrous.  Hundreds of castles and monasteries had been ruined.  Hundreds of towns were depopulated and impoverished.  Over 50,000 homeless wandered across the countryside, or hid in the forests.  There were many widows and orphans.  Because many of the rebels had destroyed the charters that recorded the municipal rights and feudal dues, new charters, many far more demanding, were drawn up.   Censorship laws were enforced all over Europe.
 
TURKISH INVASION
Then, in 1526, the Muslim Turks attacked Hungary.  Suleiman, the Magnificent, overwhelmed the small Hungarian army of 30,000 with his 300,000 invading Turks.  King Louis II of Hungary was killed and the capital, Buda (what is today Budapest) was captured and looted by the Turks.  The Turkish invaders drove off over 200,000 Hungarian Christians into Islamic slavery. 

ROME IS SACKED
The next year, 1527, Emperor Charles V led his army to capture Rome, the richest city in Europe.  The corruption and meddling of the Pope had outraged even ardent Catholic Charles V.  Now his army sacked Rome itself.  The Pope was held for an immense ransom.  Throughout Europe this was seen as the Judgment of God upon a debauched city and a corrupt church. 

REPRESSION IN THE NETHERLANDS
The Catholic Inquisition in the Netherlands demanded that all hold to and believe the doctrines of the Holy Roman Catholic church. “Men and women who disobey this command shall be punished as disturbers of public order.  Women who have fallen into heresy shall be burned alive.  Men, if they recant, shall lose their heads.  If they continue obstinate, they shall be burned at the stake. The Inquisition is to enquire into the private opinions of every person, of whatever degree.  Law officers of all kinds shall assist the Inquisition at their peril.  Those who know where heretics are concealed, shall denounce them, or they shall suffer as heretics themselves.” Under this edict, in the Netherlands alone, over 50,000 Protestants were killed. 

ZWINGLI’S REFORMATION
In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli had launched a parallel Reformation starting with the expository preaching of the Gospel of Matthew, 1 January 1519, in Grossmunster in Zurich.  The City Council supported Zwingli’s Reforms.  All Zurich clergymen were ordered to preach only from the Scripture.  The Bible became the basis for all law.  The Council abolished the mass.  All religious images, statues, relics and ornaments were removed from churches.  Monks, nuns and priests were permitted to marry.  Soon other  Swiss cantons were embracing the Reformation. 

In 1529, a Protestant missionary from Zurich was burned at the stake for preaching the Gospel in the Catholic canton of Schwyz.  Zurich stopped all trade with Schwyz in protest.  The Catholic Cantons declared war.  At the Battle of Kappel, October 1531, 8,000 Catholic soldiers overwhelmed the 1,500 Protestants.  Zurich Reformer, Ulrich Zwingli, died in this battle and was killed by a Catholic captain when he refused to call upon the Virgin Mary.
 
REPRESSION IN FRANCE
At the beginning of the 16th Century, France was the largest and richest nation in Europe.  France had a population of 16 million at a time when Spain had 7 million and England had 3 million.  Paris was the largest city in Europe with a population of 300,000. 

Luther’s books poured into France.  French Reformer, Jacques le Fevre, published a French translation of the New Testament in 1523, and the next year of the Psalms.  He was denounced as a “heretic.”
 
King Francis I ordered vigorous persecution to stamp out the Protestant Faith in his realm.  Protestants were branded, their hands and noses amputated, red-hot irons were applied to the head.  Many were burned alive. 
 
At the same time as Francis I was ordering mutilations and tortures on Protestants, his sister, Marguerite, was herself praying with Reformer Farel, and protecting Protestants. 
 
THE OUTLAW JOHN CALVIN
Brilliant young law student, John Calvin, was converted to the Protestant Faith, and started to call for a purified Christianity, stressing salvation through grace.  He wrote a treatise on life after death, and another on Christian Doctrine.  Calvin was arrested twice, and after a number of life-threatening escapes, Calvin was declared an outlaw and he was on the run from the authorities. 
​
By 1536, he had produced “The Institutes of the Christian Religion” a theological masterpiece, systematically expounding the Biblical Faith, conduct and devotion of the Protestant Faith. 
 
FAREL WINS GENEVA TO THE REFORMATION
When French Protestant preacher, Guillaume Farel, first came to Geneva it was a very immoral city.  Geneva had a prostitutes quarter, priests living with concubines, and a corrupt bishop.  Farel first came to Geneva in October 1532.  Farel was a missionary from Bern, the strongest Protestant canton in Switzerland.  Farel had played a leading role in bringing about the triumph of the Reformation in Bern, Neuchatel, and several other towns.  He had also won over the Waldenses to embrace the principles of the Reformation.  Farel’s fiery preaching and unbeatable logic in debate with the Catholics won the city.  As hundreds of Genevans were won to Christ, Farel seized the Cathedral of St. Peter and on 21 May 1536, the General Assembly of citizens voted in favour of the Reformation and made the Protestant Faith the official religion of Geneva. 

CALVIN’S CALL TO GENEVA
With Geneva in revolt against its bishop and against the Duke of Savoy, Farel knew that his eloquence and evangelistic zeal was not sufficient to disciple this distracted city.  It was at that opportune time that a local war compelled Calvin to divert through Geneva.  He had planned to spend only one night in Geneva.  When Farel heard that this famous French scholar and author was passing through, he hurried to recruit him.  Calvin’s mind was set on his studies, but Farel would have none of that.  He threatened that God would curse his studies if he refused to aid the church in Geneva at this critical time.  Visibly shaken, and struck with terror, Calvin reluctantly agreed to serve in Geneva.  Calvin began his ministry in the Church of St. Peter by preaching through the Epistles of St. Paul. 

TURBULENT TIMES
King Francis I of France shocked all of Christendom by making an alliance with the Turks in his war against Charles V.  His political and military gamble failed, he was defeated and died bankrupt and disgraced, in 1547.  The deaths of both France I and Henry VIII in the same year, 1547, emphasized the turbulence of that time when Luther, Zwingli, Farel and Tyndale had contended with the Popes and Charles V, Henry VIII and Francis I for the heart, mind and soul of Christendom. 

The Protestant Faith swept across Europe flourishing in Switzerland, Germany, Holland, England and Scotland.
 
SCOTLAND
Scottish Reformer, George Wishart, was burned at the stake in Scotland.  The Archbishop responsible for his execution, Cardinal David Beaton, was brutally assassinated in revenge.  Protestants captured the Castle of St. Andrews.  They were joined by John Knox, besieged by a French fleet, captured and condemned to the galleys.  

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
When King Henry VIII of England died, his 9 year old son, a dedicated Protestant, Edward VI, became king.  Archbishop Thomas Cranmer initiated sweeping Reforms.  All paintings and images were removed from churches.  The mass was abolished and replaced with communion.  The English language replaced Latin in worship services.  The English “Book of Common Prayer” was introduced.  Priests received permission to marry.  Stone altars were demolished and replaced by tables.  Protestant books and pamphlets flooded England. 

CALVIN’S GENEVA
Guided by John Calvin’s Biblical preaching and systematic teaching, Geneva became the hub of the Reformation.  Refugees fleeing persecution found sanctuary in Geneva.  Calvin’s writings produced the greatest concentration of printers and publishing firms in the world.  
Calvin established an Academy that taught Greek, Hebrew, Latin and Theology.  Graduates of Geneva’s Academy carried the Reformed teachings into France, Holland, England and Scotland.
 
EDWARD VI
King Edward VI of England intervened to secure the release of the Protestants of St. Andrews, including John Knox, from the galleys of France, in a prisoner exchange.  Knox was appointed a royal chaplain and helped Archbishop Cranmer in producing “The Book of Common Prayer.” 

Then the young Protestant King Edward became seriously ill, suffering from measles, small pox and tuberculosis.  Rumors that he had been poisoned by a Catholic assassin abounded.
 
LADY JANE GREY
Fears for the future of the Reformation in England at the imminent death of King Edward VI caused the Regent, the Duke of Northumberland, to persuade the King to alter the Laws of Succession to bypass his Catholic sister, Mary, and crown Lady Jane Grey as Queen. In the end Edward’s death came swiftly, as the Catholic forces mustered to place Mary Tudor on the throne of England. Jane was Queen for only 9 days when the forces of Mary arrested and imprisoned her in the Tower of London.  Pressured by her cousin, Mary, to renounce her Protestant Faith and embrace Catholicism, 16 year old Lady Jane courageously  remained steadfast, and was beheaded as a result.  

BLOODY MARY
Queen Mary married the heir to the Holy Roman Empire, Prince Philip of Spain.  Philip arrived with a huge fleet of ships and a vast Spanish entourage to dominate the English court.  Cardinal Reginald Pole was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.  England was formally returned to Catholicism, and the most prominent Protestant bishops, including Hooper, Ridley, Latimer and (the previous Archbishop) Cranmer, were burned at the stake, followed by hundreds of other prominent Protestant leaders.  With every execution resistance to Catholicism spread and commitment to the Reformation doctrines deepened. 

THE END OF CHARLES V
As Charles V abdicated in 1556, Mary’s husband Philip became King Philip II.  Soon English troops and calvary were being sent to the Netherlands to help crush the widespread Protestant revolt.
 
From the perspective of the Holy Roman Empire, the year 1558 was disastrous.  Charles V, (the Emperor who Martin Luther had defied with his “my conscience is captive to the Word of God…Here I stand…” speech), died in agony, 21 September 1558.  Charles V had condemned over 30,000 Protestants to torturous executions during his reign.
 
REVERSAL OF FORTUNES
Shortly after that, on 17 November 1558, “Blood Mary” died of fever.  Twelve hours later her Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury, died of the same fever in Lambeth Palace.
 
1559 began with the Protestants on the march, and with the Catholic cause in defeat and retreat.  Emperor Charles V was now dead.  His sister, Mary, the former Regent of the Netherlands had also died.  Mary of Lorraine, Regent of Scotland, was out of power, and on the run.  “Bloody Mary’s” Counter Reformation in England had been counterproductive, instead of returning England to Catholicism, she had only succeeded in entrenching the vast majority of Englishmen in their commitment to the Reformation.  On 15 January 1559, Protestant Elizabeth Tudor was crowned Queen of England. 
 
KNOX TAKES SCOTLAND BY STORM
On 2 May 1559, John Knox returned from exile to Scotland.  His fiery sermon against idolatry galvanized the Scottish into immediate action.  Altars were demolished.  Images, statutes and crucifixes were removed from churches.  The Scottish Lords of the Congregation worked together with the English to force all French troops to leave Scottish soil.  The Scottish Parliament instructed Knox to draw up a Confession of Faith, which was adopted into law.
 
In 1560, the Geneva Bible was published.  Before it was replaced by the King James Version (1611) over 140 editions of the Geneva Bible were published.
 
MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
The attempt to return Scotland to Catholicism by the return of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, in 1561, put the Reformation in jeopardy.  Mary Stuart was heir to England’s throne if Elizabeth died.  Numerous Catholic assassination attempts and intrigues to replace Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots underlined the peril to the cause of Reformation and freedom in England itself.
 
Mary Queen of Scots’ immorality and intrigues outraged the population of Scotland.  John Knox’s courageous confrontations of Mary and the scandal caused by her complicity in the murder of her husband, and marrying of his murderer, finally led to her being forced to abdicate in 1567.  Her infant son was crowned James VI of Scotland (he later became James I of England).  Knox preached at James VI’s coronation.
 
CATHOLIC CRUELTY IN HOLLAND
Meanwhile, while the Reformation was triumphing in Britain, it was under relentless attack on the continent of Europe. Charles V’s son, Philip II, was determined to crush the flourishing Protestant Faith in Holland.  In 1566, Philip issued a proclamation requiring all his subjects to accept the decrees made by the Council of Trent.  All who would not comply with these demands were to be delivered to the Inquisitors. 
 
In 1567, Philip sent in his Spanish troops, led by the cruel Duke of Alva.  Alva set up the Council of Blood which had 8,000 Dutch Protestants executed.  Another 30,000 had their property confiscated.  In 1568, the Inquisition condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands – 3 million men, women and children – to death as “heretics.”
 
WILLIAM PRINCE OF ORANGE
William the Silent, Prince of Orange, became the leader of the persecuted Dutch Protestants.  William and his Dutch soldiers fought valiantly, despite overwhelming odds.  Their greatest strength was their skilled navy, which, although they were vastly outnumbered and outgunned by the Spanish, triumphed over the Spanish time and again.
 
In 1579, the 7 northern provinces joined to form the United Provinces of the Netherlands.  In 1581, the United Provinces declared the Netherlands to be independent of Spain.  In 1584, the Dutch suffered a severe blow when a Spanish agent assassinated Prince William – the Father of Dutch Liberties.  The Dutch Protestants continued to fight for their freedom until 1648 when their independence from Spain was finally secured.
 
THE MUSLIM THREAT
It was not as though Europe’s only threat was from treacherous tyrants, just the year before the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France, Europe faced a most desperate attack from the Muslim Turks.  In 1571, the Turkish Empire stretched from the Ukraine to Hungary to Egypt and Persia, from North Africa to the Caspian Sea.  Turkish warships attacked Christian shipping from all along North Africa.  Turkish pirates pillaged and looted the coasts of Europe capturing Christians as slaves as far afield as England and Ireland. 
 
THE FALL OF CYPRUS
In 1571, Cyprus fell to the Turks.  5,000 Greek and Italian Christians killed 30,000 Turkish attackers in their fierce resistance.  Only after all supplies were exhausted and guarantees of safe conduct were offered, did the garrison finally surrender.  But the Turks treacherously had all the Venetian prisoners executed, and the rest of the Christians shipped to Constantinople as slaves.  The courageous Christian General, Bragadino, had his nose and ears cut off, his teeth broken and was whipped daily until 17 August, when he was flayed alive in the city square.  The Turks laid waste to the island of Corfu and massed their fleets to attack Europe.
 
THE BATTLE OF LEPANTO
The European forces were led by Don John of Austria, half brother of Philip II.  The Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571 was one of the most critical naval battles in history.  The Christian forces, with 208 warships were outnumbered by the larger Turkish fleet of 230.  The Christian forces closed in for the fight in hand to hand combat with the enemy.  Spanish infantry flowed onto the Turkish vessels and, in ferocious hand-to-hand combat, overwhelmed the Turks.  The Turkish losses were estimated at over 30,000 dead and wounded and 15,000 prisoners.  On their side, the Christians had lost 10 galleys, 8,000 men killed and 21,000 wounded.
 
Lepanto was one of the great turning points in history.  It ended the fear of the Turks that had threatened to overwhelm all of Europe.  It stopped the Turkish advance.  Church bells tolled throughout Europe as many prayers of thanksgiving were offered by millions of grateful Europeans.  As historian, Otto Scott, observed:  “Only God could have saved so divided a Europe against so determined and savage, rich and heavily armed a foe.  After Lepanto the Turk remained a menace, but not an unconquerable one.”
 
MASSACRES IN FRANCE
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre horrified Protestants worldwide and entrenched the conviction that the Catholic church was treacherous and that any guarantees given by them or treaties signed would not be honoured.  Up to 30,000 Protestants were massacred throughout France, including the leader of the French Huguenots, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.  The massacre was ordered by King Charles IX under the influence of his mother Catherine de Medici.

THE ST. BARTHOLEMEW’S DAY MASSACRE
The St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre, 24 August 1572, began at 3 in the morning.  The first to be murdered was the aristocratic Admiral Coligny.  Henry of Guise supervised the attack.  His men burst into Coligny’s home, stabbed the Admiral and threw him out of the window.  As Coligny landed at Guise’s feet, Henry of Guise spat on the body, and then told his men to spread the word that the king commanded the death of all Huguenots: “Kill them all! Kill them all!”
 
Horrible slaughter and mutilations followed.  Approximately 5,000 Protestants were murdered in Paris alone.  The Spanish Ambassador wrote: “As I write, they are killing them all, they are stripping them naked…sparing not even the children.  Blessed be God!”  Similar massacres occurred in Lyon, Dijon, Tours, Rouen, Troyes, and Toulouse.  A total of 30,000 Protestants were murdered on St. Bartholomew’s Day throughout France. 
 
When the news reached Rome, the Cardinal of Lorraine gave the bearer of this news a thousands crowns.  Gregory XIII and his Cardinals attended a solemn high mass of thanksgiving.  The Pope ordered a special medal to be struck commemorating the massacre with the words “Pontifex Colbni Necent Probat” (The Pope approves the killing of Coligny). 
 
RESISTANCE STIFFENS
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre permanently altered Protestant thinking.  Calvinists turned from previously accepting the divine right of kings to questioning the entire institution of the monarchy.  The Catholic cause, already stained by “Bloody Mary’s” persecutions in England, and the Duke of Alva’s slaughter in the Netherlands, was now indelibly identified with the most bestial persecutions, tyranny and treachery. 
 
Two months later, the Calvinists launched an offensive that lasted nearly a year.  At its conclusion, Charles IX was forced to sign another treaty guaranteeing freedom of worship in France.  English gold and practical support boosted the Protestant resistance in the Netherlands and Scotland. 
 
Jesuit assassins and conspirators arrived in England to arrange for the overthrow of Elizabeth I, and her replacement with Mary Stuart.  An army bearing papal banners invaded Ireland.  In 1583, a Catholic plot involving English noblemen and a Spanish plan for invasion was uncovered.  The Spanish Ambassador was expelled from England.  As long as Mary Stuart remained alive she presented a clear and present danger to the life of Elizabeth, and the survival of the Protestant Faith and freedom in England.  Mary Stuart represented Spain, the vast Catholic international and the Guises of France.  Parliament placed Mary Stuart on trial at Fotheringay Castle.  Despite attempts by Elizabeth to stop the proceedings, Mary Stuart was sentenced to death and executed 12 May 1587.
 
THE SPANISH ARMADA
Philip II, who had recently conquered Portugal, now began to prepare for an invasion of England.  This was while France was torn by civil war with three armies in the field, one led by the giggling transvestite with a whitened face, Henry III, the other by Henry Duke of Guise, and the third by Henry of Navarre, a Protestant. 
 
King Philip of Spain then launched what the Spaniards called, the “Invincible Armada.”  The world had never before seen such a powerful fleet.  Having recently defeated the Turkish fleet, the tiny English navy was not perceived to be any significant obstacle to the Spanish invasion and conquest of England.  Philip looked forward to the destruction of the Protestants and the restoration of Catholicism in England.  With the English support severed, it would be easy for him to finally crush the rebellion in the Netherlands. 
 
However, while churches throughout England held extraordinary prayer meetings, a storm wrecked the Spanish plans. The Duke of Parma’s invasion barges from Holland were not able to be used, and the English tactics of setting fireships amongst the huge Spanish galleons, created confusion.  Courageous action by English seamen and continuing storms decimated and broke up the Spanish Armada.  Dutch support also helped the English defeat the Spanish Armada.  Most of what was left of Philip’s fleet was devastated by more storms on the coast of Scotland and Ireland.  Only a miserable remnant of the once proud Armada limped back into the ports of Spain.  51 Spanish ships and 20,000 men had been lost.  The English navy had not even lost one ship! 
 
The greatest superpower of Europe at that time had suffered a crippling blow.  The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked a great watershed in history.  It signaled the decline of Spain and the rise of England.  Commemorative medals were struck with the inscriptions: “God blew and they were scattered!” and “Man proposes, God disposes.”
 
THE RISE OF PROTESTANT NAVAL POWERS
Before 1588, the world powers were Spain and Portugal.  These Roman Catholic empires dominated the seas and the overseas possessions of Europe.  Only after the English defeated the Spanish Armada did the possibility arise of Protestant missionaries crossing the seas.  As the Dutch and British grew in military and naval strength, they were able to challenge the Catholic dominance of the seas and the new continents.  Foreign missions now became a distinct possibility.
 
THE DEFEAT OF SPAIN AND THE TRIUMPH OF THE REFORMATION
Had the Armada succeeded, recent history would be unrecognizable.  In the 16th Century, Spain led the Catholic cause; England the Protestant.  All of Europe feared Spain.  It had defeated all its adversaries, even the Turk.  The Catholic nations of Europe had every expectation that Spain would succeed in crushing Protestantism by conquering England and Holland.  When the Armada failed, the mystique of Spanish invincibility was destroyed.  With the defeat of Catholic Spain the Vatican cause floundered.  If “Bloody Mary” had undermined the Catholic credibility, the defeat of the Spanish Armada eradicated every hope that the Reformation in England could be reversed.
 
The extraordinary energies that had been released by the rediscovery of the Bible in the common tongue, had led to the most extraordinary spiritual revival in history, freed the Christians of Northern Europe from the decadence of the Renaissance paganism and led to the greatest birth of freedom and scientific discoveries in history.
 
The 16th Century was the Greatest Century of Reformation.
 
Dr. Peter Hammond
Frontline Fellowship
PO Box 74
Newlands, Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: admin@frontline.org.za
Web: www.frontlinemissionsa.org 
​

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Bullinger was Zwingli’s successor. For 44 years he pastored Grossmunster in Zurich. Considering the important role he played, and the prodigious quantity of his writings, it is remarkable that Bullinger is one of the least known of the Reformers. 
 
CONVERSION
​Born 18 July 1504, the fifth son of the priest, Henry Bullinger, Heinrich was sent to study at the prestigious Emmerich Seminary on the Rhine, at aged 12.  At 15 years old, he enrolled at the University in Cologne, earning his Bachelor of Arts the next year.  It was at this time that he was converted to the Reformed faith through studying the Latin and Greek fathers of the Church. ​

​MARRIAGE
In 1523, Bullinger was called to teach at the Cistercian Monastery of Kappel, near Zurich.  Here he taught on the Epistles of Paul and proposed to Anna Adlischweiler, a nun, who remained in a de-consecrated convent.  Bullinger’s proposal in writing is still preserved: “Do you want to share with me sorrow and joy and, under my protection, live in love according to God’s Order?” Her “Yes” was uttered at Grossmunster, where Ulrich Zwingli was the pastor.

CORRESPONDENCE
He maintained an important correspondence with political and religious leaders throughout the whole of Europe (more than 12,000 of his letters are preserved at the Zentral Bibliotek in Zurich.  Through his sermons and publications, including Bible commentaries, he exercised a lasting influence on the Reformed movement worldwide.  His Decades were many times republished and translated into French and English.  Bullinger’s correspondents included Henry VIII and Edward VI of England.  When, in 1570, Queen Elizabeth needed to prepare a response to the Papacy, she turned to Bullinger to draft her reply. ​

​CONFESSIONS
Bullinger’s contributions to systematizing the doctrine of Zwingli and organising the churches of Reformed Switzerland, were decisive.  In 1537, he wrote The First Helvetic Confession, which was adopted by the churches of Zurich, Berne, Basle, Shaffhusen, Saint-Gall, Muhlhause and Bienna.  In 1549, he, along with John Calvin, wrote The Zurich Agreement (Consensus Tigurinus) on the Lord’s Supper.  In 1566, Bullinger’s Brief Exposition of The Faith became the basis for The Second Helvetic Confession, which remained for centuries the basis for the Reformed Churches of the Swiss Confederation.  The Helvetic Confessions were widely known and respected amongst the Reformed communities of France, England, Scotland, Poland, Hungary and Bohemia.   They also left an imprint on the Presbyterian Churches in the USA.
 
One historian commented about The Helvetic Confession “This Confession is the most natural and simplest of all…it says in the clearest way what it means.”

​THE STUDENT
Zwingli wrote concerning Bullinger: “This young man is very learned… he compares everything, he reconciles everything.”
 
John Calvin praised Bullinger in these words: “After Melancthon came Bullinger, who has rightly earned great praise: because with doctrine he had an ease which made him most easy to read.”

​THE PREACHER
Berthold Haller of Berne wrote: “God gave you the gift of explaining simply, of lifting the bushel and letting the light of the Holy Word shine.”
 
Conrad Pellician of Basle wrote: “A Bishop in his youth, pious, loyal, educated, true and devoted, an incomparable preacher, the words of whom act within as the pen of Christendom…a man of God.”
 
The Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1586, instructed ministers that they should read a chapter of the Bible each day and one of Bullinger’s sermons each week.  The Foreword to the English translation of The Decades stated: “These sermons are comparable to a gold mine, the deeper you delve, the richer they are.  They abstruseness of Calvin is here replaced with an extraordinary clarity of expression.”
 
The successor of Calvin, Theodore Beza, had been won to the Reformed faith at the age of 16, by a tract written by Bullinger.  Beza wrote: “We are used to being strengthened by you” Beza referred to Bullinger as “our rudder” and as his” father” in the faith.

THE PASTOR
Bullinger was a devoted pastor whose home was constantly open to the hungry, the lost, the persecuted and the spiritual seeker.  Although his salary was meager, he gave many gifts, giving of his own small income to hospitals and institutions of mercy.  Bullinger’s preaching was powerful and his pen seldom rested.  For 44 years, he maintained an average of preaching 7 times a week.  His pastoral heart produced one of the first Protestant books on comforting the sick and the dying. ​

THE REFORMER
Bullinger built upon the solid foundations laid by Ulrich Zwingli and provided an ecclesiastical and theological order that was thoroughly Reformed.
 
“Therefore, My beloved brethren, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labour is not in vain in the Lord.” 1 Corinthians 15:58
 
Dr. Peter HammondThe Reformation Society
P.O. Box 74
Newlands
7725 Cape Town
South Africa
Email: info@reformationsa.org
Web: www.reformationsa.org

An Exceptional Professor
It has been common to portray Luther as a simple and obscure monk, who challenged the pope and emperor. Actually Luther was anything but simple or obscure. He was learned, experienced and accomplished far beyond most men of his age. He had lived in Magdeburg and Eisenach and was one of the most distinguished graduates of the University of Erfurt. Luther travelled to Cologne, to Leipzig, and he had crossed the Alps and travelled to Rome. Luther was a great student, with a tremendous breadth of reading, who had excelled in his studies, and achieved a Master of Arts and Doctorate in Theology in record time. He was an accomplished bestselling author, one of the greatest preachers of all time, a highly respected Theological professor, and one of the first professors to lecture in the German language, instead of in Latin.

Productive and Influential
Far from being a simple monk, Luther was the Prior of his monastery and the district vicar over 11 other monasteries. Luther was a monk, a priest, a preacher, a professor, a writer, and a Reformer. He was one of most courageous and influential people in all of history. The Lutheran Faith was adopted not only in Northern Germany, but also throughout Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.

Luther Changed the World
Luther was a controversial figure in his day and has continued to be considered controversial to this very day. There is no doubt that Luther’s search for peace with God changed the whole course of human history. He challenged the power of Rome over the Christian Church, smashed the chains of superstition and tyranny and restored the Christian liberty to worship God in spirit and in truth.

“For I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes …For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, the just shall live by faith.” Romans 1:16-23
​

Mission Accomplished
In 1897, he paid his last visit to Africa to take part in the ceremonies opening the Bulawayo railway station in Southern Rhodesia. His last book was: Through South Africa, published in 1898. In 1899, at the age of 58, Stanley was knighted by the Queen. He died 10 May 1904 at 63 years old. He was the most famous convert of Dr. David Livingstone, one of the greatest explorers of all time and one of the most effective campaigners against the slave trade. His 1874 to 1877 Trans Africa Exploit was the most outstanding achievement in all the history of the exploration of Africa.
 
Dr. Peter Hammond

The Reformation Society
P.O. Box 74 Newlands 7725
Cape Town South Africa
Tel: 021 689-4480
Fax: 021-685-5884
Email: mission@frontline.org.za
Website: www.ReformationSA.org
 
Bibliography and Recommended Books:
How I Found Livingstone, by Henry Morton Stanley, New York, 1872
Coomassie and Magdala, by Henry Morton Stanley, New York, 1874
Through the Dark Continent, by Henry Morton Stanley, New York, 1879
The Congo and the Founding of its Free State, New York, 1885
In Darkest Africa, by Henry Morton Stanley, New York, 1890
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa, New York, 1893
Through South Africa: A Visit to Rhodesia, the Transvaal, Cape Colony and Natal, New York, 1898
The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley, edited by Dorothy Stanley, New York, 1909
Stanley, Invincible Explorer, by Laura Beriet, New York, 1995
The Man Who Presumed, by Byron Farwell, London, 1957
Into Africa – The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone, by Martin Dugard, London, 2003

The Price of Liberty is Eternal Vigilance
"If I profess with the loudest voice and clearest exposition every portion of the truth of God, except precisely that point which the world and the devil are at that moment attacking, then I am not confessing Christ, however boldly I may be professing Him. Where the battle rages, there the loyalty of the soldier is proved; and to be steady on all the battle front besides is mere flight and disgrace if he flinches at that point." Martin Luther
 
Dr. Peter Hammond
Africa Christian Action
PO Box 23632
Claremont 7735
Cape Town South Africa
info@christianaction.org.za
www.ChristianAction.org.za
www.ReformationSA.org
 
See also:
Reformation Art and Essay Competition 2021
The Greatest Century of Reformation
Practical Steps to Reformation
Are You Praying for Revival?
How the Reformation Changed the Church